This neoplastic progression is also associated with mutations and/or amplification of c-H-ras, int-2, c-neu, c-myc and MDM2, MSI at 11q25 and 13q12-q13 and loss of heterozygosity at 17p.
These results suggest that amplification of int-2 or neighboring genes on 11q may participate in tumor progression and metastasis in patients with esophageal squamous cancer.
These findings suggest that LOH at D17S5 may be involved in the early stage of breast carcinoma development, while INT2 amplification and LOH at 11p, 16q, and 18q appear to be genetic alterations that occur with tumor progression.