Apocrine intraductal lesions are typically associated with widespread invasion with no pure examples and show similar PIK3CA and HRAS mutations to SDC.
Elevated p21ras expression is associated with tumor aggressiveness in breast cancer including the extent of invasion into fat tissues, infiltration into lymphatic vessels and tumor recurrence.
In a series of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell lines continuing various oncogenes, the transcriptional levels of the type IV collagenase and the type IV procollagen genes were compared with the properties of invasiveness in vitro and tumorigenicity and metastatic ability in athymic nude mice. v-Ha-ras greatly enhanced invasion and metastasis, whereas v-Ki-ras, c-myc, and c-raf had lesser effects on these malignant phenotypes.
In advanced carcinomas, c-Ha-ras p21-immunoreactivity was correlated with the depth of tumor invasion and was stronger in metastatic tumors than in primary tumors.