Participants classified by a study algorithm as having high probability of tuberculosis (positive urine lipoarabinomannan assay, body-mass index <18·5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, or haemoglobin concentration <100 g/L) were recommended to start tuberculosis treatment immediately followed by ART 2 weeks later; participants classified as medium probability (tuberculosis symptoms, no high probability criteria) were recommended to have symptom-guided investigation; and participants classified as low probability (no tuberculosis symptoms or high probability criteria) were recommended to start ART immediately.