Both PlGF and VEGFR-1 are expressed at increased levels during pregnancy, and both have been reported as part of various pathological processes, including angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
There is growing evidence that placental growth factor (PlGF) is an important player in multiple pathologies, including tumorigenesis, inflammatory disorders and degenerative retinopathies.
Thus, we hypothesize that as a major ligand for VEGFR1, placental growth factor (PLGF) may also play a role in the neovascularization and tumorigenesis of OH.
In peritumoural hepatic tissues, high HBV DNA, HBV mutations, high densities of macrophages, activated stellates and mast cells, high expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor/its receptor and placental growth factor, Th1/Th2-like cytokine shift, inflammation-related signature and activation of carcinogenesis-related pathways predict late recurrence.