The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) represents the central autoantigen involved in GD and has been proposed as the thyroid antigen shared with the orbit that could explain the infiltration of immune cells into tissues surrounding the eye.
GD is a systemic autoimmune thyroid disorder characterized by the infiltration of immune effector cells and thyroid-antigen-specific T cells into the thyroid and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) expressing tissues, i.e. orbit, skin, with the production of autoantibodies to well-defined thyroidal antigens.
Recent studies have suggested a link between the stimulation of adipogenesis within the orbit in GO and the expression in these tissues of TSH receptor (TSHR), the putative orbital autoantigen.
As the TSH receptor (TSHR) is the primary target for autoimmunity against the thyroid in Graves' disease, much effort has gone into investigating the role of TSHR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcripts in extrathyroidal tissue, particularly in the orbit.
Recent evidence suggests that TSHR may also serve as an orbital autoantigen in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and that expression of this protein is increased in the fatty connective tissues of the orbit in this condition.
Our results suggest that TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and transforming growth factor-beta may act within the orbit in GO to modulate expression of the putative orbital autoantigen, TSHr.
These studies suggest that the expression of this receptor in the orbit in vivo may be stimulated by TSH or other TSHr ligands, and that this stimulation may be important in the development of GO.
These results suggest that the expression of TSH-R in the orbit, especially fibroblasts, may play a role in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the ophthalmopathy in patients with TAO, although a secondary effect, involving fibroblasts in TAO is also possible.
Although the presence of this TSH-R variant could provide the antigenic link between the thyroid and the orbit in Graves' disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), the etiopathophysiological significance of this finding remains to be elucidated.
The orbit infiltrating CD34+ fibrocytes add on to the process by expressing high levels of autoantigens and inflammatory cytokines, while also differentiating into myofibroblasts or adipocytes.
To avoid the datum difference of GPSorbit between MADOCA real-time and IGS final products, the 7-parameters Helmert transformation was firstly used in this paper, and then the orbit was evaluated on radial, along, and cross-track directions.
For geosynchronous orbit satellites (IGSOs) and medium earth-orbit satellites (MEOs), a slight fluctuation can also be observed that is similar to that of GPS satellites, except for the satellite-included code bias.
The arc lengths of observed fitted orbits that showed the smallest weighted root mean squares (WRMSs) and medians of the orbit differences after a Helmert transformation fell between 40 and 45 h for GPS and GLONASS and between 42 and 48 h for Galileo, while the WRMS values and medians become flat after a 42 h arc length for BeiDou.
Impacts of real-time satellite orbit and clock products on GPS point and relative positioning are then investigated using the P3 and GAMIT software packages, respectively.
Although increased C/N0 thresholds can improve the overall data quality, the available number of GPS observations is greatly reduced and the resulting orbit solution is poor.
During high ionospheric activity, the mean Root Mean Square (RMS) of Swarm GPS phase residuals is at 9-11 mm, Swarm orbit solutions are also compared with Swarm PSOs released by ESA and the accuracy of Swarm orbits can reach 2-4 cm in R, T and N directions.
They putatively infiltrate the orbit in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy where they appear to transition into CD34(+) orbital fibroblasts (OFs) that interact with residential CD34(-) fibroblasts.