There was a significant association between homozygotes in the CARD8 polymorphism and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), which was not the case for pulmonary TB or HDs.
Plasma levels of C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase-7 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein distinguish active pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis from uninfected controls in children.
Notably, LAM I-PCR revealed sensitivities of 74.3 and 67.9% in PTB (n = 74) and EPTB (n = 53) patients, respectively, with specificities of 91.5-92.8% (n = 116).
Taqman based qRT-PCR analysis of host-genome encoded (hsa-miR-146a-5p and hsa-miR-125b-5p) and MTB genome encoded (MTB-miR5) miRNAs showed increased expression in a cohort of 52 healthy, pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients serum samples.
In conclusion, the DPS/DBS IP-10 assay allows for easy and manageable monitoring in low-resource settings and our findings suggest that IP-10 may serve as a biomarker for treatment efficacy in EPTB patients, albeit further studies in cohorts of patients with treatment failure and relapse are needed.
In difficult-to-treat entities such as extrapulmonary TB in HIV patients, FDG PET/CT is a potential tool in monitoring TB treatment response and should be explored in larger studies.
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is used to diagnose several settings of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis but it is limited in TBM especially among HIV-infected patients.
<b>Results:</b> While all of the studied cytokine secretions varied after <i>in vitro</i> infection, higher levels of TNF-α and VEGF secretions were observed <i>in vitro</i> in the infected macrophages respectively in the PTB and EPTB infecting clinical isolates.
The results showed that the G allele of rs12212067 in FOXO3 was more common in health control and the latent TB group compared with the active TB group (p = 0.048, odds ratio (OR) 95 % confidence intervals (CI) = 1.37 (1.00-1.89); p = 0.042, OR 95 % CI = 1.42 (1.01-1.99), respectively); furthermore, within active TB patients, the G allele of rs12212067 in FOXO3 was more frequent in extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) group compared to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) group (p = 0.035, OR 95 % CI = 0.57 (0.33-0.97).
Allele T frequencies of IFNγR1-56 C/T promoter region in patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) or extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) were significantly greater than allele C. The -56 TT motif of IFNγR1 is associated with both forms of TB (p<0.05).
We also performed the analyses by sample types in IL-6-174 C/G polymorphism, and significant decreased TB risk was observed in pulmonary tuberculosis group (C allele vs. G allele: OR=0.69, 95% CI=0.52-0.93; CG vs. GG: OR=0.69, 95% CI=0.52-0.91; CC+CG vs. GG: OR=0.71, 95% CI=0.55-0.93), and pulmonary tuberculosis plus extra-pulmonary tuberculosis mixed group (CC vs. GG: OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.22-0.88; CC vs. CG+GG: OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.25-0.94).
The present findings suggest that polymorphisms in the LTA4H gene may affect susceptibility to extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and change the risk of developing the disease in the Han nationality in the East China.
In conclusion, our study suggested the possible role of IL-10R1S138G loss-of-function polymorphism in extrapulmonary TB susceptibility-resistance in Tunisia.
CCR2 V64I (G/A), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) -2518 A/G, stromal cell derived factor-1alpha; (SDF-1alpha) 3'UTR G/A and DC-SIGN gene polymorphisms were studied by polymerase chain reaction based methods in HIV-1 infected patients without TB (n=151), with pulmonary TB (PTB) (n=81) and extrapulmonary TB (n=31), 155 PTB patients without HIV and 206 healthy controls.