Kynureninase (KYNU) located in 2q22.2, which was associated with tryptophan utilization and metabolic diseases including cardiac, renal and limb defects syndrome 2.
Moreover, it raises the possibility that SENCR, a long noncoding RNA, could be responsible for limb defects, because of its early role in endothelial cell commitment and function.
Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform nevus and Limb Defects (CHILD syndrome) is a rare X-linked dominant genodermatosis caused by mutations in the NAD(P) dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like protein gene.
Loss of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (Pcsk5) results in multiple developmental anomalies including cardiac malformations, caudal regression, pre-sacral mass, renal agenesis, anteroposterior patterning defects, and tracheo-oesophageal and anorectal malformations, and is a model for VACTERL/caudal regression/Currarino syndromes (VACTERL association - Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheoesophageal fistula and/or Esophageal atresia, Renal & Radial anomalies and Limb defects).
The p63 transcription factor, homolog to the p53 tumor suppressor gene, plays a crucial role in epidermal and limb development, as its mutations are associated to human congenital syndromes characterized by skin, craniofacial and limb defects.
Mutations in several other genes involved in spliceosomal function or linked aspects of mRNA processing have also recently been identified in human disorders with specific craniofacial malformations: SF3B4 in Nager syndrome, an acrofacial dysostosis (AFD); SNRPB in cerebrocostomandibular syndrome, characterized by Robin sequence and rib defects; EIF4A3 in the AFD Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome, characterized by Robin sequence, median mandibular cleft and limb defects; and TXNL4A in Burn-McKeown syndrome, involving specific craniofacial dysmorphisms.
While double knockout of Dlx5 and Dlx6 resulted in limb defects in mice, the majority of patients with SHFM1 had only heterozygous chromosomal abnormalities.
While double knockout of Dlx5 and Dlx6 resulted in limb defects in mice, the majority of patients with SHFM1 had only heterozygous chromosomal abnormalities.
Defective nectin-1 and -4 have been implicated in ectodermal dysplasia (ED) syndromes with variably associated features including orofacial and limb defects.
This finding underscores the relevance of sequencing ARHGAP31 in similar cases of isolated limb defects, irrespective of the presence of a complete AOS phenotype.
Here, we report five heterozygous NOTCH1 variants in unrelated individuals with Adams-Oliver syndrome (AOS), a rare disease with major features of aplasia cutis of the scalp and terminal transverse limb defects.
Because the radius malformations were induced by TM treatment, we concluded the decrease in the Hoxa11 expression was related to the TM-induced limb defects and can be a good marker for early prediction of the teratogenic effect of TM.
While double knockout of Dlx5 and Dlx6 resulted in limb defects in mice, the majority of patients with SHFM1 had only heterozygous chromosomal abnormalities.
TBX4 was previously suggested as the responsible gene for the heart or limb defects observed in 17q23.2 deletion patients, but the present cases do not have these features despite deletion of this gene.
Novel TBX3 mutation data in families with ulnar-mammary syndrome indicate a genotype-phenotype relationship: mutations that do not disrupt the T-domain are associated with less severe limb defects.